What you should know about your thyroid

January is Thyroid Awareness Month. How much do you know about this crucial gland? 

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. Despite its modest size, it plays an essential role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall health. The thyroid produces hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that impact nearly every organ in the body. These hormones help the body use energy, maintain body temperature, and support critical functions such as heart rate and digestion. 

Thyroid testing and age 

The American Thyroid Association emphasizes that thyroid disease screening should be based on individual risk factors rather than routine testing for the entire population. Regular screening is recommended for individuals over the age of 35, with follow-up every five years, especially for those with risk factors or symptoms. Early detection of thyroid disorders can ensure timely and appropriate treatment. 

Additionally, women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should be screened for thyroid disease, as thyroid dysfunction can negatively impact both maternal health and fetal development. 

When to get your thyroid checked 

You should consider getting your thyroid tested if you experience any of the following symptoms: 

It is important to consult with your healthcare provider if you notice any of these symptoms, as they may indicate thyroid disease. Keep in mind that many of these symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, so a thorough evaluation is essential for an accurate diagnosis. 

Thyroid disease: hypothyroidism vs. hyperthyroidism 

Two common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, which are opposites in terms of thyroid hormone production. 

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid is underactive, producing insufficient thyroid hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin and sensitivity to cold. Over time, untreated hypothyroidism can cause more serious issues like high cholesterol and heart disease. 

Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, happens when the thyroid becomes overactive, producing an excessive amount of hormones. This can lead to symptoms like unexplained weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety and irritability. Untreated hyperthyroidism can cause complications such as heart problems and osteoporosis. 

The presence or absence of both conditions can be detected with a simple blood test that measures levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Based on the results, further tests may be conducted to determine the underlying cause, followed by treatment, which could include medication to regulate thyroid hormone levels or other therapies. 

Stay healthy 

Your thyroid gland plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Monitoring its function, particularly as you age or if you have risk factors, is key to the early detection and treatment of thyroid disorders. If you experience symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, it's important to consult your doctor. Regular blood tests can help ensure your thyroid remains healthy, supporting your overall well-being. 

For more information, visit the American Thyroid Association website, where you can learn more about thyroid health and various thyroid conditions.